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Precalculus Study Guide

Unit 9 · Core unit

Sequences, Series, and Integrated Modeling

Sequences and series alongside the model-selection judgement that closes the course.

What a strong answer looks like

A strong answer justifies the chosen model from the pattern of change and states whether a result is exact or approximate.

Topics in this unit

1

Sequences and Series

Know

Arithmetic sequences add a common difference; geometric ones multiply by a ratio. An infinite geometric series converges only when the ratio is below one in absolute value.

Apply

Identify the type from consecutive terms, then apply the matching formula.

Watch out

Applying an infinite sum formula to a divergent series.

Study move

Decide convergence for three series and sum those that converge.

2

Model Selection

Know

Constant differences suggest linear, constant second differences quadratic, and constant ratios exponential. The evidence, not the appearance, decides.

Apply

Compute differences and ratios before choosing.

Watch out

Choosing exponential merely because the values grow quickly.

Study move

Identify the family for three tables with stated evidence.

3

Technology and Interpretation

Know

A graphing tool answers questions algebra cannot reach exactly, but its answers are approximate and must be labelled so.

Apply

Use technology for intersections and regressions, and report the precision honestly.

Watch out

Presenting a rounded graphical result as an exact value.

Study move

Solve one problem exactly and one graphically, labelling each.

Emphasized in this unit

  • Checking convergence before summing
  • Choosing a model from evidence
  • Labelling approximate answers

Varies by course

  • Financial applications. Annuities appear in some sequences.
  • Calculator model. Course-dependent.

Mastery checklist

  • Decide whether an infinite series converges.
  • Choose a model with evidence.
  • Distinguish exact from approximate results.

Check yourself

  • When does an infinite geometric series converge?
  • What separates a quadratic table from an exponential one?

Modeling drill

A deposit is made annually into an account earning interest. Write the expression for the balance and say which sequence type it uses.

Common differenceCommon ratioConvergenceModel selectionRegressionApproximation